Author contributions: Adhvaryu MR and Vakharia BC conducted the clinical trial; Adhvaryu MR, Reddy MN and Vakharia BC designed research; Adhvaryu MR and Reddy MN devised the formulation and carried out pilot studies; Adhvaryu MR, and Vakharia BC analyzed data; and Adhvaryu MR, Reddy MN and Vakharia BC wrote the paper.Correspondence to: Meghna R Adhvaryu, Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, 110, Nehru Nagar Society, Ichchhanath Road, Surat 395007, India.Telephone: +91-2 Fax: +91-2. AIM: To evaluate the ability of Curcuma longa (CL) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) formulation to prevent anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment (ATT) induced hepatotoxicity.METHODS: Patients with active TB diagnosis were randomized to a drug control group and a trial group on drugs plus an herbal formulation. Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for first 2 mo followed by continuation phase therapy excluding Pyrazinamide for 4 mo comprised the anti-tuberculous treatment. Curcumin enriched (25%) CL and a hydro-ethanolic extract enriched (50%) TC 1 g each divided in two doses comprised the herbal adjuvant.
Hemogram, bilirubin and liver enzymes were tested initially and monthly till the end of study to evaluate the result.RESULTS: Incidence and severity of hepatotoxicity was significantly lower in trial group (incidence: 27/192 vs 2/316, P. INTRODUCTIONDuring the first few years of introduction of Isoniazid (INH), it was considered so safe that in 1963, The American Thoracic Society recommended for all tuberculin-positive persons to receive a year of INH chemoprophylaxis regardless of age or duration of the tuberculin positivity. A retrospective study reported a 1% incidence of clinical hepatitis and a 0.1% death in patients taking INH chemoprophylaxis. A large multicenter prospective surveillance study by United States Public Health Service revealed a 1% incidence of hepatitis and 0.06% deaths from hepatitis due to INH. After introduction of Rifampicin (RMP), several reports suggested that hepatitis was more frequent and severe in patients receiving both INH and RMP than in those receiving INH alone. For preventing acquired resistance and a successful treatment; it is recommended to start with a combination chemotherapy containing INH, RMP, and Pyrazinamide (PZA)-one more hepatotoxic agent- with or without ethambutol for the initial 2 mo followed by a continuation phase of 4-6 mo of INH + RMP.
It is well known that drug induced hepatotoxicity is a potentially serious adverse effect of anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) containing INH, RMP and PZA. Preventive therapy of latent TB with 2-mo course of RMP and PZA has been associated with fatal and severe hepatotoxicity more often than does 6 mo of INH therapy or curative treatment of clinical TB-. Similar high risk was observed with PZA and ethambutol or a fluoroquinolone when given to contacts of multi-drug resistant TB patients. Now integrating these observations with the fact that about one third of the world’s population has latent TB and roughly 9 million cases of active TB emerge annually resulting in 2-3 million deaths, exemplifies the magnitude and importance of the problem, especially when most new cases occur in the most populated nations like India and China. Also, a higher risk of hepatotoxicity has been reported in Indian patients (up to 11.5%) than in their western counterpart (up to 4.3%).
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In a study of European patients, the incidence of ATT induced hepatotoxicity was found to be 18.2% in group having risk factors like, old age, extensive TB, malnutrition, alcoholism, HIV and chronic viral hepatitis B and C infections, as against 5.8% in group without risk factors indicating the significance of risk factors.The only measure available for managing ATT induced hepatotoxicity in clinical cases is stopping the offending agents, once there is an evidence of liver damage and reintroducing the same after normalization of liver enzymes,. Study populationAll the cases between the ages of 15 to 85 years having evidence of pulmonary or extra-pulmonary TB requiring a full curative course of ATT and coming to the clinic run by Shree Gurudev Sarvajanik Charitable Trust (SGSCT) from April 2005 to March 2007 were screened for enrollment in the trial with reservations as shown in Table. As the six centers of the mobile clinic were attending patients on a weekly basis for any illness, catering more than 200 villages of the District Surat and adjoining state Maharashtra, the local primary care agencies were advised and allowed to give routine treatment for inter-current illnesses and patients were advised to inform about the episodes and treatment given. As shown in Figure, out of 578 patients screened 528 were found eligible.
Periodic review was done by an independent review committee at 48, 100, 148 and 200 patients’ recruitment in each group. The interim analysis of first 400 patients performed in October, 2006 revealed zero incidence of hepatotoxicity in the trial as against 22 patients with any grade of hepatotoxicity and 16 patients with no improvement in functional status in control group. The trial was granted with an intention to treat and as the criteria for outcome assessment were objective and as the sample size exceeded the WHO criteria for adequacy of sample size with power 80%, the control arm was truncated on ethical ground and later all the patients were recruited in trial arm till March, 2007; only to find out whether any case of hepatotoxicity was encountered.
Herbal formulationBy high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of different samples, we found that Salem types of turmeric powder contained highest 4% of curcuminoids that are the main active molecules. In Ayurvedic literature, the dose for turmeric has been described to be 6-12 g/d. Our patient population being malnourished with an average wt of 38 kg, we preferred equivalent of 6 g/d by enriching the turmeric powder curcumin content to 25% so that 1 g dose would suffice. The dose of Tinospora cordifolia is also described to be 6-12 g/d and again we preferred to make 1 g/d equivalent of 6 g/d by enriching the crude Tinospora cordifolia with 10:1 strength hydro-ethanolic extract to 50%. The phytochemical groups with active principles of both the herbs are shown in Table - and HPTLC fingerprinting of the formulations used were done for standardization purpose and have been shown in Figure. Study designNinety percent of all the patients were tribal, either working as laborers or owner of small piece of agricultural land, while 10% were belonging to suburban area and belonging to other casts and occupations. Hence patients were explained in their local language about the protocol and those agreeing to comply were assigned the group by permuted block randomization for a balanced distribution.
Because the evaluation criteria were fully objective and as the biochemical assessments were done in laboratories at a distance by unknown technicians, patients were not blinded conventionally about the therapy. Being a joint project it was approved by both the institutional ethical committee and informed consents were obtained from all the patients.All of the eligible patients in the control group were started with an intensive phase ATT comprising of INH 300 mg/d, RMP 450 mg/d and PZA 20 mg/kg body wt to the closest 250 mg in two divided doses and Ethambutol 800 mg HS for initial 2 mo and than three drugs excluding PZA for 4 mo. Similar ATT medications supplemented with curcumin enriched (25%) CL and a hydro-ethanolic extract enriched (50%) TC 1 g/d each in two divided doses started from day one in trial group. Other supplemental medications like vitamins, iron, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, anti-emetics, gut motility enhancers and calcium were also being given on an individual basis to patients in any group as deemed necessary by the physician. Two weeks quota of medications was given for self administration and patients were advised to return to the clinic every two weeks or earlier if any troublesome symptoms mentioned earlier were experienced. Blood sample for liver enzymes and bilirubin were taken every alternate visit and a prefilled requisition form was given with the instruction to get it done at nearby center having pathology laboratory facility if patient could not come at time of appearance of symptoms.
At each visit the patients were evaluated for signs and symptoms of adverse events by trained staff and adherence to treatment schedule was confirmed for both the groups. Sputum examination was repeated at fourth week in all sputum AFB positive cases.Hepatotoxicity gradation was based on the WHO classification and defined by liver enzyme level, however, aspartate transaminase (AST) level was preferred instead of alanine transaminase (ALT) level as it is well known that AST/ALT ratio 2 is one important criteria for differential diagnosis between drug or chemical and viral hepatitis.
Grade I for any AST level of 51-125 U/L; grade II for any AST level of 126-250 U/L; Grade III for AST level of 251-500 U/L and grade IV for any level greater than 500 U/L or more than 250 U/L with symptoms of fulminant hepatitis. In case of grade I or II liver injury ATT was continued for 2 wk and enzymes were repeated.
In grade III and IV hepatitis ATT was stopped till enzyme level came to normal. AST was checked weekly, once its rise beyond 2 fold was confirmed after initial 2 wk follow-up till it came to normal level. Patients were called for monthly follow-up visits after completion of scheduled treatment for 3 mo in both the groups.
OutcomesPrimary endpoints were to observe the development of hepatotoxicity in both the groups with assessment of severity by biochemical parameters and liver function tests if the hepatotoxicity exceeded Grade III parameters. Secondary outcome was to assess the impact of adjuvant medicine on the outcome of TB itself as defined by follow-up investigations, clinical cure and functional improvement by the end of scheduled ATT and follow-up period.
Completion of the regimen was defined as taking 80% of scheduled medication for both the groups. Occasional breaks of one or two weeks due to some tribal festivals or an episodes of minor illness were not considered to be a break in the treatment. Statistical analysisA sample of approximately 500 patients would provide 99% power in two sided tests with an α value of 0.05 to detect a decrease in expected incidence of hepatotoxicity of any grade from 15% in control to. Clinical and demographic characteristics at baselineAs shown in Figure, 528 patients were enrolled at six centers of SGSCT mobile clinic.
A high proportion of patients were of tribal ethnicity from Chaudhari, Gamit, Vasava and Bhil community known to carry sickle cell trait in up to 30% of population and disease in 1.5%, as reported by different governmental agencies. Eight patients from control and 12 patients from trial group were excluded from study due to violation of the protocol, hence control had 192 and trial had 316 patients for final analysis. As seen in Table the median age and IQR for both the groups were quite similar. Also the two groups were similar in sex, body weight, habits, disease profile, baseline hematologic means and liver function except that trial group contained significantly higher number of patients with Cavitary Koch’s than the control group. HepatotoxicityTables and depict the effects of herbal adjuvant on primary outcome in the form of significantly decreased incidence of hepatotoxicity (2/316 vs 27/192) in the trial group as compared to control group. Mean onset of asymptomatic hepatitis was delayed in trial group and none in the trial group suffered from symptomatic hepatitis as against 63% of control group hepatitis patients. Grades II and III hepatotoxicity were observed in control group only.
Serum AST, ALT and bilirubin level were raised in control group much significantly when compared with trial group hepatotoxicity cases. ATT induced hepatitis outcome (Table )Control ( n = 192)Trial ( n = 316)PPatients with raised AST (%)27 (14)2 (0.63). Treatment outcome for ATTControlTrialPNumber of sputum +ve case at start (%)67/192 (35)137/316 (43)0.03Number of sputum +ve case after 1-month of treatment (%)10/67 (14.93)4/137 (2.9)0.0068Poorly resolved parenchymal lesion (%)9/152 (5.92)2/258 (0.78)0.0037Failure to improve functional status (%)19/192 (10)6/316 (2)0.00013Treatment dropouts (%)10/192 (5.2)00.0001Weight (kg)39.17 ± 5.540.65 ± 6.220.0016Hb (%)10.92 ± 2.0111.17 ± 1.970.176ESR mm in 1st hour45.96 ± 18.5238.84 ± 22.370.0001. Weight and hematologic outcomeAs seen in Table and Table, the mean weight in control increased to 39.17 ± 5.5 kg from 37.61 ± 5.94 kg before ATT ( P = 0.0063) and in trial group mean weight was 40.65 ± 6.22 kg from 38.32 ± 6.08 kg before ATT and herb treatment ( P. Non-hepatotoxic adverse events (data not shown)Non-hepatotoxic adverse events occurred occasionally in both the groups and included nausea, vomiting, skin rash, epigastric pain and discomfort, malaise, dizziness, arthralgia, peripheral neuropathy, anorexia and insomnia and sickle crisis. They were treated symptomatically with appropriate medications by the physician. Early dropouts occurred in both groups due to allergic reactions to ATT and they were excluded from the analysis as shown in Figure.
DISCUSSIONThe present clinical trial was based on unpublished results of previous preclinical studies at our center. As the conventional ATT has been well established and the Ayurvedic herbs have excellent safety profile as described previously, a phase I trial omission was granted. As the efficacy of the herbs was shown in concurrent administration design in an animal model of ATT induced hepatotoxicity, it was considered scientific, as well as ethical, to try a similar model for a human clinical trial, hence herb treatment was started along with ATT at the same time and continued until completion of ATT.Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activities tested in vitro.
It suppresses production of superoxide by macrophages, exerts potent anti-inflammatory action that inhibits production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 1-β and the activation of NF-κB in human monocytic derived cells,. Also, it has a strong antioxidant property and it inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes, erythrocyte membranes and brain homogenates, by maintaining the activity of SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase at a higher level.
These properties clearly explain the hepatoprotective activity of CL in preclinical studies and present trial as well. Curcumin has antiviral, antiprotozoal, antibacterial, anti inflammatory, and antioxidant actions, in addition to its hepatoprotective activity, making it a suitable adjuvant agent that actually enhanced efficacy of ATT in present study.In preclinical studies, TC has been shown to induce enzymes of drug metabolism and antioxidant system and to inhibit lipid peroxidation in mice. Cytochrome P450, NADP-Cytochrome (P sub 450) reductase, glutathione-s-transferase, DT diaphorase, SOD and catalase are enhanced. These effects improve liver function, protect against toxic assaults and increase protein synthesis by liver. These activities can account for its hepatoprotective potential.
It is a known immunostimulant enhancing cell mediated as well as humoral immune response in mice. Treatment of mice with dried stem crude extract prevented cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression as well as immunosuppression. Improved humoral immunity, enhanced macrophage and Kupffer cell function, enhanced neutrophil function, antioxidant activity and excellent hepatoprotective potential might explain the result of present clinical trial. Since many years the concept of classical phytotherapy using herbal drug combinations with superior efficacy and lesser side effects in comparison with single isolated constituents of plant extracts has been repeatedly assessed clinically as well as pharmacologically. The exact mechanisms of action underlying these synergy effects are unknown.
It could be explained by a multitarget action of compounds on a molecular level or partly by an improved resorption rate and a change of pharmacokinetics. Hence, a formulation of CL and TC was used with an idea to enhance the potency due to synergistic action that was backed by promising results of a small preclinical pilot study (unpublished). As such, many standard Ayurvedic preparations also contain both of these herbs, albeit in a lower dose along with other multiple herbs.Regarding the design of the trial, the strength lied in the base line characteristics which were remarkable similar and all the parameters for hepatotoxicity were objective and being tested by laboratory technicians at different places and totally unaware about the trial or outcome, so there could not be any chance for a bias in the detection and gradation of hepatotoxicity. In many complex clinical situations adaptive random allocation methods are implemented to maintain balance between stratification variables; however, periodic evaluation revealed acceptably similar distribution among groups even with permuted block randomization.
When one treatment or an intervention is expected to be superior; a Bayesian adaptive randomization (BAR) method is considered desirable to conventional randomization because it utilizes the accruing data in a “learn-as-you-go” fashion that arguably makes more sense than ignoring the trial’s data until it is completed. BAR would allocate more numbers of patients to the potentially advantageous group without compromising the randomization, but making the trial design very complicated.
Instead the control arm was truncated for ethical reasons with caution at periodic evaluations so that no dissimilarity in favor of the trial group should occur.Though sickle cell disease patients were excluded from the study, persons having sickle cell traits are prone to have anemia, repeated chest infection and theoretically sickle cell crisis in extremes of situations with dehydration and acidosis. In the present trial two events of sickle cell crisis occurred in the control group.
They might have phenotypic sickle cell disease.The average weight of the study population was around 38 kg in both the groups confirming malnutrition in addition to effect of TB alone. The significance of this characteristic could not be overemphasized because a low weight would culminate in to a higher per kg dosage of the hepatotoxic ATT. Considering the average weight to be 38 kg, the per kg dose of INH, RFM, PZA and EMB would come to 7.9, 11.84, 26.31 and 21 mg, respectively. Comparing this dose with a previous study in which the per kg doses for INH, RFM and PZA were 5, 10 and 25-30 mg, respectively, and the period for observation was 59 d with reported hepatotoxicity to be 11%; it is apparent that the chances of developing hepatotoxicity would be definitely more for the patients in present study. In addition to malnutrition as a known risk factor, a higher per kg dose could also play some role.With all these background, the results of present trial carried utmost importance that hepatotoxicity did not occur in the trial group despite a slightly unfavorable profile in the form of significantly higher number of patients with Cavitary pulmonary TB.
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Only two instances of raised AST were detected during monthly surveillance of liver enzymes and ATT was not stopped as it was asymptomatic grade I hepatotoxicity. BackgroundIsoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide, three major drugs of intensive phase of conventional anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment (ATT), are hepatotoxic and the incidence varies between 4%-11%. Healthy contacts of TB patients (latent TB cases) are more prone to develop hepatotoxicity by presently recommended regimes. There is no established drug therapy to cure or prevent hepatotoxicity except stopping the treatment for a while and restoring it gradually at a later date when liver enzymes come to a normal level. Stopping the therapy may increase morbidity or prolong disability, while shifting to suboptimal non-hepatotoxic regime for time being poses the risk of emergence of resistant strains.
Research frontiersSearch for non-toxic and highly effective new compounds for treating tuberculosis or an effective vaccine conferring sustained protective immunity have largely failed. In literature there are many published preclinical studies showing herbs to prevent CCl 4, and paracetamol induced liver damage in rodents. Recently, four Ayurvedic herbs were shown to prevent ATT induced hepato-toxicity and immunosuppression in Guinea pigs. But no clinical trial of hepatoprotective compound has ever been carried out in patients taking conventional ATT. Supported by (in part) The Mukul Trust Bardoli, IndiaPeer reviewers: Anna S Gukovskaya, Professor, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, University of California, Los Angeles, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 91301, United States; James Neuberger, Professor, Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Dr.
Yukihiro Shimizu, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, 17 Yamada-Hirao, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8256, Japan; Shivendra Shukla, Professor, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Drive, M530 Medical Sciences Bldg, Columbia, MO 65212, United StatesS- Editor Zhong XY L- Editor Alpini GD E- Editor Lin YP.
Chronic renal failure (CRF) refers to an irreversible deterioration in renal funct ion, which develops over a period of y ears. This initiall y manifests only a s a biochemical abnormality. CRF is co nsidered when gl omerular filtration rate (GFR) fa lls below 30 ml/m in.
The conventional app roach of management includes dialysis and renal transplantation, which are not affordable by Indian population mainly due to economic reasons. Therefore, exploration of a safe and alternative therapy is needed, which proves to be helpful in reducing the requirement of dialysis and in postponing the renal transplantation. A clinical study of 100 patients of CRF was conducted at OPD and IPD of PD Patel Ayurved Hospital, Nadiad.
They were given. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a global threat to health in general and for developing countries in particular because therapy is expensive and lifelong.
In India, 90% patients cannot afford the cost. CRF refers to an irreversible deterioration in renal func tion which classicall y develops o ver a pe riod of years. I nitiall y, i t is manifested only as a biochemical abnormality. Eventu ally, loss of the excreto ry, m etabolic and endocrine functions of the kidney leads to the development of the clinical sym ptoms and signs of renal failure, whi ch are referred to as uraemia.
The averag e cost of ki dney transpl ant varies f rom 50,000 i n a govern ment set-u p to 300,000 i n an average pri vate hospital. Also, the yearly mai ntenance cost post transplan t for the drug s amounts to 120,000 per year or 10,000 per mo nth. S o, the socia l and econom ic consequenc es of CRF are considerable and the conventional approach of management includes dialysis and renal transplantation which is not affordable and acceptable by Indian population. Therefore, exploration of a safe and alternative therapy is highly needed, which proves to be helpful in reducing the requirement of dialysis and in postponing the renal transplantation. Several institutes and scholars are making possible attempts in this direction. T o prove t he efficacy of the A yurvedic prepa rations in management of CRF.
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To give the scientific establishment to the observations which show that certain Ayurvedic treatments significantly correct albuminuria and serum creatinine value, which are the cardinal features of CRF, and improve the renal function which is evident by reduction in serum creatinine and blood urea levels. T o provide a large human population suffering from CRF, a fut ure possibili ty of a trea tment which can be helpful in reducing the need of HD and to avoid or to delay renal transplantation. The main causative factor for CRF in this study was hyperten sion; 86% patients were found in this group.
7% patients were having chronic nephritis and 5% were having polycystic kidney disease. Only 2% of the patients were found with obstructive nephropathy T able 1. Serum creatinine reduced by 20.71% and it was statistically hig hly signi ficant.
Blood urea reduced by 32.15% a nd it was also sta tisticall y highl y sig nificant. Albuminuri a re duced by 3 6.70% an d this was statistically highly sig nificant.Hemog lobin increased by 4.65% and this was statistically hig hly signi ficant T able 2. None of the patients had shown any new and unusual feature. Urine output increased by 56.54% and it was statistically highly significant. Out of 100 patients, edema was reported by 58 patients and it reduced by 71.56%. Nausea was reported in 46 patients and it was relieved by 68.75%. The 24 pat ients were found to ha ve vomiting and it was reli eved by 82.35%.
Weakness was found in 85 patients and it reduced by 55.61%. The 53 patients were having loss of appetite, and appetite increased by 59.29%. Leg cramps were found in 17 patients and it reduced by 72%. Breathlessness was found in 27 patients and it was re lieved by 64.29%. Hiccup was found in only one patient and was totally relieved.
The 19 patients reported pruritus and it reduced by 66.66% T able 3. Reductions in a ll these symptoms were statistically hig hly signi ficant.
Is a minor alternative of dialysis. A total of 100 patients of CRF were taken for the research study. In this study, it was found that serum creatinine reduced by 20.71% with treatment.
This beneficial effect was statistically hig hly signi ficant which is encoura gi ng and shows improvement in kidney func tions. Blood urea r educed by 36.15% with trea tment and it was also statistically highl y signi ficant. Treatment resulted in r eduction in albuminuri a by 36.70% and increase in hemogl obin by 4.65%, which were statistically highl y signifi cant. Reduction in edema, weakness, leg cramps, increase in appetite, and relief from nausea, breathlessness and pruritus were statistically highly sig nificant.